Russia pitches into first major external bond default in century

People stroll on Red Square in front of the Spasskaya Tower and St. Basil's Cathedral in downtown Moscow on June 7, 2022. (NATALIA KOLESNIKOVA / AFP)

LONDON – Russia defaulted on its foreign sovereign bonds for the first time since the Bolshevik revolution, as sweeping sanctions cut the country off from the global financial system and rendered its assets untouchable to many investors.

Speaking at a briefing on the sidelines of a G7 summit in Germany on Monday, a US official said 

the default showed how dramatically the sanctions were impacting Russia's economy.

Earlier, some bondholders said they had not received overdue interest on Monday following the expiry of a key payment deadline a day earlier.

Russia has struggled to keep up payments on $40 billion of outstanding bonds since its start of a special military operation in Ukraine on Feb 24.

The Kremlin has repeatedly said there are no grounds for Russia to default but it is unable to send money to bondholders because of sanctions, accusing the West of trying to drive it into an artificial default.

READ MORE: Western sanctions hit world economy

Russia's efforts to avoid what would be its first major default on international bonds since the Bolshevik revolution more than a century ago hit a insurmountable roadblock in late May when the US Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) effectively blocked Moscow from making payments.

Russia's finance ministry said it made the payments to its onshore National Settlement Depository in euros and dollars, adding it has fulfilled obligations

A formal default would be largely symbolic given Russia cannot borrow internationally at the moment and doesn't need to thanks to plentiful oil and gas export revenues.

The payments in question are $100 million in interest on two bonds, one denominated in US dollars and another in euros , Russia was due to pay on May 27. The payments had a grace period of 30 days, which expired on Sunday.

Russia's finance ministry said it made the payments to its onshore National Settlement Depository (NSD) in euros and dollars, adding it has fulfilled obligations.

With no exact deadline specified in the prospectus, lawyers say Russia might have until the end of the following business day to pay the bondholders.

Smll print

While ratings agencies usually formally downgrade a country's credit rating to reflect default, this does not apply in case of Russia as most agencies no longer rate it.

The legal situation surrounding the bonds looks complex.

Russia's bonds have been issued with an unusual variety of terms, and an increasing level of ambiguities for those sold more recently, when Moscow was already facing sanctions over its annexation of Crimea in 2014 and a poisoning incident in Britain in 2018.

Rodrigo Olivares-Caminal, chair in banking and finance law at Queen Mary University in London, said clarity was needed on what constituted a discharge for Russia on its obligation, or the difference between receiving and recovering payments.

"All these issues are subject to interpretation by a court of law, but Russia has not waived any of its sovereign immunity and has not submitted to the jurisdiction of any court in any of the two prospectuses," Olivares-Caminal told Reuters.

In some ways, Russia has been in default already.

ALSO READ: Dire economic outcomes of sanctions

A committee on derivatives has ruled a "credit event" had occurred on some of its securities, which triggered a payout on some of Russia's credit default swaps – instruments used by investors to insure exposure to debt against default.

This was triggered by Russia failing to make a $1.9 million payment in accrued interest on a payment that had been due in early April.

Until the start of Russia’s special military operation in Ukraine, a sovereign default had seemed unthinkable, with Russia being rated investment grade up to shortly before that point. A default would also be unusual as Moscow has the funds to service its debt.

The OFAC had issued a temporary waiver, known as a general licence 9A, in early March to allow Moscow to keep paying investors. It let it expire on May 25 as Washington tightened sanctions on Russia, effectively cutting off payments to US investors and entities.

The lapsed OFAC licence is not the only obstacle Russia faces as in early June the European Union imposed sanctions on the NSD, Russia's appointed agent for its Eurobonds.

Moscow has scrambled in recent days to find ways of dealing with upcoming payments and avoid a default.

President Vladimir Putin signed a decree last Wednesday to launch temporary procedures and give the government 10 days to choose banks to handle payments under a new scheme, suggesting Russia will consider its debt obligations fulfilled when it pays bondholders in roubles.